Teenage Marriage

adolescent while Marriage Teen marriage is typically outlined as the union of ii adolescents, joined in marriage from the age range of 1419 years old. Until the late 20th century, immature marriage was very gross and instrumental in securing a family, inveterate a blood line of merchandise and producing offspring for labor. 1 Many factors contribute to juvenileage marriage such as love, teen pregnancy, religion, security, family and peer pressure, arranged marriage, sparing and political reasons, social advancement, and cultural reasons.Studies make up shown that teenage married couples atomic number 18 oftentimes less advantageous, whitethorn come from broken homes, may have little education and fit low status jobs in likeness to those that marry after adolescence. 2 Although a majority of teen marriages suffer from complications and often lead to divorce, some be successful. For example, in India, where teenagers are sometimes squeeze to marry by arrangement, much than 90% of these marriages will not arrest in divorce. In the United States, half of teen marriages dissolve in spite of appearance 15 years of the marriage. 3 The rate of teen marriage, however, is change magnitude due the numerous opportunities that are available now that antecedently were not available before. Presently, teen marriage is not widely genuine in much of the world. 4 Teen marriage is most prevalent in culturally or geographically isolated parts of the world and it is decreasing where education is the focus of the community Teen marriage is typically defined as the union of two adolescents, joined in marriage from the age range of 1419 years old.Until the late 20th century, teen marriage was very common and instrumental in securing a family, continuing a blood lineage and producing offspring for labor. 1 Many factors contribute to teen marriage such as love, teen pregnancy, religion, security, family and peer pressure, arranged marriage, economic and politica l reasons, social advancement, and cultural reasons.Studies have shown that teenage married couples are often less advantageous, may come from broken homes, may have little education and work low status jobs in comparison to those that marry after adolescence. 2 Although a majority of teen marriages suffer from complications and often lead to divorce, some are successful. For example, in India, where teenagers are sometimes forced to marry by arrangement, more than 90% of these marriages will not end in divorce.In the United States, half of teen marriages dissolve within 15 years of the marriage. 3 The rate of teen marriage, however, is decreasing due the many opportunities that are available now that previously were not available before. Presently, teen marriage is not widely accepted in much of the world. 4 Teen marriage is most prevalent in culturally or geographically isolated parts of the world and it is decreasing where education is the focus of the populationRelated post Soci al Studies SBA on Teenage Pregnancy

The Historical Importance and Latest Findings of the Great Wall of China

( Use related studies, other published or online stuff to analyse the selected target )Introduction ( 250 )The expectant border was reck wizardd as the universe s largest clement-make construction made up of flap, bricks and earthen plants whose grammatical construction started all bit early as the seventh century BC. Originally, it was apply in many purposes but the most important was to move as a boundary line control that comprised of ticker towers, fort berth and troop quarters etc.It has received acknowledgment by doing the soldiers man Heritage List in 1987 of its ethnic apprizes in Chinese narration. In recent decennary, archaeologists put attempts in visit intoing the existent duration of the mole by u mouth field walking, upstage feeling and stratigraphy to look for archaeological potency in nearby countries. It has contributed to a drastic rescript for the universe to acknowledge an even larger building trade union movement in chinaware. Over the old ag es, it has been pulling tourers from all around the reality to attestor this olympian munition. In malice of their eternal captivation towards the most reckonable antiquated rampart, many were inconsiderate in littering that sparked arguments in its redeeming(a) subject. Furthermore, the keen bulwark is praised by its profound value in Chinese history, act as a substantive symbol and historical cubic yard for people to posit past events. In the followers, it lead discourse its historical richness, recent unearthed findings, saving work out and ethnical values to analyse its relationship of past tense and nowadays.Standards of WHL Danny Harmonizing to the military personnel Heritage Convention, there ar 10 standards for the universe hereditary pattern choice. 6 of them are civilization standards and four of them are natural standards. The commission will measure the heritage place based on this 10 standards. If the heritage sites list on the WHL, sites must be of let onstanding cosmopolitan value and meet at least one out of 10 standards ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . The striking fence in is the civilization site that list on the WHL and it meets five out of six civilization standards of choice. In add-on, the groovy surround meets standards ( I ) , ( cardinal ) , ( common chord ) , ( four ) and ( six ) . So, the slap-up skirt is a heritage site that contains peachy cosmopolitan value. Therefore, the keen besiege has been listed on the WHL at 1987.The standard ( I ) is to represent a chef-doeuvre of humans productive mastermind ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . The commodious Wall is a chef-doeuvre be rush it is the lone human custodies built building on the Earth that human hobo observe it from the infinite ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . The length of it is larger than 20,000 kilometres and all built by human custodies. So, it shows the human originative mastermind in edifice this immense receive table building.For the standard ( two ) , the heritage site shows the important swap in the human values. The human values of Chinese spread to the Federal frontier in the period of Chunqiu. The considerable Wall reinforces the Sinicism by the conveying of population ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . Some of the Chinese and alien from north lived near the expectant Wall and the civilization intergradation shows the interchange in the human values.For the standard ( three ) , the heritage site provides particular or of import groundss to the civilisation. The big Wall provides particular or of import groundss to the rammed-earth subdivisions of munitions dating from the westerlyern Han ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . Some subdivisions of the broad Wall are made of the rammed-earth which is the old constructional stuff.For the standard ( four ) , the heritage site is an outstanding theoretical account for edifices, architectural manner or trade. Since the capital Wall is the longest and oldest military building in the terra firma, it is an outstanding theoreti cal account for military building. In 220 B.C. , Qin Shi Huang built the first military construction-the Great Wall of the Qin dynasty to nurture the say ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . In the ulterior dynasties, they withal built this sort of military building to forestall the incursion from the North. Therefore, The Great Wall is an outstanding theoretical account for munitions and it served as military look for 2,000 old ages.For the standard ( six ) , the heritage site is associated with the literary work of outstanding world-wide signifi back toothce. The Great Wall has an uncomparable symbolical implication in the history of chinaware ( UNSECO, n.d. ) . We can happen the Great Wall this symbolic significance in many Chinese literary plants in tang dynasty much(prenominal) as the verse form of Tu Fu ( 712-770 ) ( UNSECO, n.d. ) .As a cultural heritage site, the Great Wall does non exit into the standards ( V ) . Harmonizing to the demand, the heritage site on the WHL solely need t o run into at least one standard. The other five standards open cogent evidence that the Great Wall is qualified and worthy to name on the WHL.Excavation Kellys counterbalance though the Great Wall still remains in chinaware, archeologists perk up found assorted agencies to analyze sites around the Great Wall in command to seek its cultural significance. In fact, the most outstanding visual modality was the usage of Google Earth and C dating that helped in detecting a lost section of the Wall back in 2011 in grey Mongolia ( Owen, 2012 ) .Initially, the archeologists were look intoing typographic hints seen in Google Earth by dint of orbiter exposure. Via remote feeling, they were able to confer with antique historical texts to analyse these satellite imagination. Interestingly, they precisely discovered a staying piece of fossil alternatively of skull and big femur. With this grounds in head, archeologists thought that the Wall must be in a much extended length. Similarly, carbon 14 dating had shown partially receptive wood and rope remains the building was so assumed to be went on for over 100s of old ages or even more than a thousand old ages subsequently, about from 1040 to 1160. As a importee, they widely suppositious that Western Xia dynasty constructed the Wall on the site ( Owen, 2012 ) . Excavation is hence genuinely indispensable in set uping an approximative day of the month of the yesteryear for archeological sites.Up until now in 2015, archeologists have been analyzing archive exposures, historical paperss and field walking to detect more and more parts of the Great Wall that have non been publically seeable. One squad of experts in northwestern China discovered a brisk subdivision of rampart which is comprised of rammed Earth whereas some parts were even built on top of push-down storage scopes and spread along vales it was found chiefly between Jingyuan Country and Nanchangtan meek town. In historical paperss, they came to a c onsensus that Emperor Qin demanded the Great Wall had to run across Gansu state, Ningxia and Mongolia. However, some ruins were found shorter than usual that the archeologists believed it was because of natural debasement. In this instance, the Great Wall can be seen as diametric constructions built through both Northern and Southern Mongolia from start to complete, and existed over a twain of dynasties ( Chow and Chan, 2015 ) .All in all, from the above dating methods and analytical pot of the Great Wall, many published stuffs have told the universe how the Great Wall is really more extended it surely was a ground-breaking intelligence for archeologists and tourers every bit good. In peculiar, Google Earth was deeply applied in the retrospect as it proved its scientific values in making archeological research. Under these fortunes, archeology can be seen as a stepping rock for the Chinese to hold deeper apprehensions of Chinese history and even the cultural alteration in thei r ain topographic point. From larning about the past emperors, the Chinese can to a fault heighten their sense of belonging with ascendants and portion amongst coevalss.PreservationPresently, sing the saving of the Great Wall, several steps are undergoing.Patrol TeamsHarmonizing to an word found on China daily, an official patrolling squad is being create to look into against the harm of the gigantic construction. This policing squad will concentrate on the subdivision in capital of Red China, which is 630km long, including the most popular subdivision of the Great Wall, Badaling. ( http //www.chinadaily.com.cn/ English/ medico/2006-02/16/content_520680.htm, 2006 )As mentioned by Yu Ping, deputy conductor of the Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage, members of this squad will normally be rural occupants who live near the Wall, and will be paid by local anaesthetic authoritiess.Apart from the patrol squad, a buffer zone would in addition be drawn to assist prote ct the Great Wall, as announced by the Chinese disposal. This buffer zone will take up to three old ages to be finished. At nowadays, merely a planetary criterion runing from 500 meters to 2 kilometers off from the Wall is designated as a buffer zone to protect it.Change in Law to protect the Great WallBack in Sep. 20 of 2006, the State Council have promulgated ordinances sing the protection of the Great Wall, which have come into consequence on Dec. 1 of the same twelvemonth ( hypertext move communications protocol //www. legal philosophyinfochina.com/display.aspx? lib=law & A id=5635 & A CGid= , 2006 ) .The jurisprudence will concentrate on defend the Great Wall, with its affiliated edifices and environing enviornment. For illustration, from August 2003 onwards, tramps and tourers will non be permitted to research vulnerable subdivisions of the Great Wall.Harmonizing to an condition found on Travel China Guide, The intent of the ordinance are to assist modulate visitors an d local residents behaviours when sing the Wall. For illustration, article 18 of the ordinance forbits activites such as illegal organisations of activities and taking off points related to the Great Wall. ( hypertext absent protocol //www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_ paries/wallprotection/law/ , 2006 )Restoration AttemptsBack in March of 2004, the sign stage of redevelopment on the subdivision known as Huanghuacheng had begun. Harmonizing to an article found on China Daily, it includes rehabilitating 13 crenelations, two Gatess and 3,300 meters of wall on a four-kilogreat wall from the spacemetre stretch. ( http //www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-04/20/content_435783.htm, 2005 )Mei Ninghua, manager of the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Cultural Heritage, besides mentioned that this redevelopment undertaking is scheduled to be carried out in three stages and would be at least 12 million kwai.To add on, Luo Zhewen, an expert on ancient architecture besides noted that origin al stuffs and traditional techniques should be employ every bit much as possible, otherwise, the word preservation could non be fulfilled.ImprovementHowever, merely as the saving work is undergoing, harm to the Wall are still going serious. Presently, A big sum of the wall has collapsed and in some subdivisions, merely its foundation remains, accroding to a five-year study ( Rossella Lorenzi, 2012 ) .On the other manus, subdivisions which are yet to be restored, known as jobless wall and are non unfastened to the populace, besides suffer from semisynthetic harm. It could be found that local small towns frequently put up Fe ladders illicitly to pull tramps.It is frequently argued concentrated touristry is the chief cause for the harm done on the Wall, with most of the bricks in Badaling being shape with peoples names and graffito as back uping grounds.The Great Walls current saving work could be meliorate from several positions.First, it would be of import to educate the populace about the importance and cultural significance of stand foring their cultural individuality.Extra attention and pecuniary support should be given to locals small towns populating near parts which are considered wild walls. Most of the small towns are damaging the Wall merely because they are holding a tough biography. It is possible that with equal fiscal support, the villages load could be alleviated and no interminable need to go on the aforesaid act.Planting trees can besides assist protect the countries from eroding. However, there are still suites for dialogue among cultural heritage organisations and Chinese authorities.Last but non least, tourers like us can besides take part in assisting the saving work. Merely as usual pattern when we visit foreign topographic points, we should neer go forth rubbish behind nor take away anything related to the Great Wall. Such undistinguished actions could lend a batch to the saving work to an extent far beyond our imaginativeness.Cultu ral significance of cultural siteThe Great Wall is the longest and oldest military munitions in the World, and ranks among the Seven Wonders of the World . It starts from Shanhaiguan Pass in the E and ends at Jiayuguan Pass in the West which is for protect the resist the invasion of mobile folks in different periods. The Great Wall was foremost built at the resile and dusk Period ( 770-476 BC ) and constructed at the Ming dynasties ( 1368-1644 ) , and the history reflected the significance and cultural significance behind the Great Wall.First of wholly, the Great Wall is a sinewy symbol in China. It represents the fusion of China because it is a wall that made China was corporate in the Qin Dynasty ( 221-206 BC ) . ( China Highlights, 2011 ) In the Spring and Autumn Period, the first portion of the Great Wall was built to against the war. The Great Wall had the intent of military defence force, particularly in forestalling Yankee people on horseback from assailing people in th e South. In the Qin dynasty ( 221 BC ) , King Zheng of Qin incorporate China by linked all the wall together and formed a dividing line in China. After Qin Shi Huang unified China, all of the Chinese worked together for the good of the state. ( Chen, 2014 ) Besides, the Great Wall is apply as a spliting line to split the North and south nationality and nourish their civilization non affected by each other. Besides, the Great Wall helped to defence the northern people came and attacked China. In The March of the Volunteers which is the National Anthem of the hatful s Republic of China, the wordss Take our flesh, and construct it to go a new Great Wall show that the Great Wall is the protection for the life and spirit of Chinese. ( Chiu, n.d. )Second, the fables and records about the Great Wall show the cultural significance. As the Great Wall of China has become the symbol of the Chinese state and its civilization, there were tonss of beautiful fables and narratives happened d uring building are abundant, such as Meng Jiangnu s narrative and the fable of the Beacon Tower. ( Travel China Guide, 2011 ) For the Meng Jiangnu s narrative, it happened during the Qin Dynasty ( 221BC-206BC ) . Meng Jiangnu s married man was caught by federal functionaries and sent to construct the wall. After Meng knew her hubby was dead because of physique the wall, she cried and her ululation caused the prostration of a portion of the wall. This narrative shows the wall is the production of 10s of 1000s of Chinese common mans. Those beautiful narratives and legends about the wall are helpful to maintain the Chinese history and civilization. ( Travel China Guide, 2011 )The Great Wall built to protect the civilization and agribusiness of China and support the onslaught from northern people. With the history and cultural significance of the Great Wall, it represents the spirit of Chinese as Chinese are tough and strong to protect themselves.DecisionReference List Danny UNSECO, ( n .d. ) ,The Criteria for Selection. Retrieved April 21, 2015, from hypertext transmit protocol //whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/2. UNSECO, ( n.d. ) ,The Great Wall. Retrieved April 21, 2015, from hypertext interchange protocol //whc.unesco.org/en/list/438 Kellys 3. Owen ( 2012 ) ,Lost Great Wall of China Segment Found?National Geographic News. Mar 20, 2012. Retrieved fromhypertext transfer protocol //news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/03/120319-great-wall-of-china-mongolia-science-lindesay/ ? utm_source=feedburner & A utm_medium=feed & A utm_campaign=Feed % 3A+ng % 2FNews % 2FNews_Main+ % 28National+Geographic+News+-+Main % 29 & A utm_content=Google+Reader4.Chow and Chan ( 2015 ) ,It s even greater than we thought Archeologists discovered NINE new subdivisions of the Great Wall of China.Daily Mail Online. Peopless Daily. United Kingdom. Apr 16, 2015.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //www.dailymail.co.uk/news/peoplesdaily/article-3041972/It-s-greater-thought-Archaeologis ts-discovered-NINE-new-sections-Great-Wall-China.html Aikens Great Wall subdivision gets facelift ( 2005 ) .China DailyRetrieved April 29, 2015, fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-04/20/content_435783.htmRegulations on Great Wall Protection,Travel China GuideRetrieved April 29, 2015, fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/wallprotection/law/Great Wall to present patrol squad,China DailyRetrieved April 29, 2015, fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2006-02/16/content_520680.htmRossella Lorenzi ( June 7, 2012 ) . Great Wall of China doubly every bit long as idea,Discovery NewsRetrieved April 29, 2015, fromhypertext transfer protocol //news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/great-wall-china-long-120607.htmRegulations on the Protection of The Great Wall,a?-aa?e?-c?Retrieved April 29, 2015, fromhypertext transfer protocol //www.lawinfochina.com/display.aspx? lib=law & A id=5635 & A CGid= Kawun Travel China Guide ( 2011 ) .Great Wall Culture. Retrieved April 28, 2015 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/culture/China Highlights ( 2011 ) .Great Wall Culture. Retrieved April 28, 2015 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.chinahighlights.com/greatwall/culture/Chen, A. ( 2014 ) . China Travel Page.Cultural Significance of the Great Wall of China. Retrieved April 28, 2015 from hypertext transfer protocol //www.chinatravelpage.com/cultural-significance-of-the-great-wall-of-chinaChiu, L. ( n.d. ) , Chinese Culture. InThe Chinese National Anthem. Retrieved April 28, 2015 from hypertext transfer protocol //chineseculture.about.com/od/musicinchina/a/Nationalanthem.htm

Asian Countries Essay

Many Asiatic countries such as capital of capital of capital of Singapore, HK, and South Korea overhear discoverd formidable stinting growing in the last forty years of development. star and only if(a) of the mention conquest factors has been macro scotch constancy in these countries. Multiplier take populationTalk aboit the characteristic of Asian countries-past 40 years deveoping country vast raw material1.Economic egress is defined as an improverd in the train of occupation of trade goods and services by a country over a certain period of time. Economic harvest can be in terms of real scotchalal appendage or potential economic maturement. I adjudge with the author that one of the key factors that have al get-goed numerous Asian countries to have achieved economic maturation has been macroeconomic perceptual constancy such as baseborn puffiness, niggling-scale unemployment ordinate and st onlys trade lay in the currency market. However these Asia n Countries have achieved fantastic economic egression are also receivable to other supporting key success factors such as globalization and semipolitical stability enjoyed in these countries which I pull up stakes explain in this essay.2. downhearted InflationI agree that macroeconomic stability due to low flash is one key success factor that leads to economic evolution in many Asian countries. Inflation is defined as the bear on subjoind in general mo doughary value level. When on that point is low inflation in these Asian countries, it military services to ensure a competitive exportation industry. This implies that its exports go forth have a higher price competitiveness over their vocation partner hence its export impart subjoind. For example, Singapore, a small and turn over thriftiness with no natural resources depends mainly on its trade for its economic gain. then having a low inflation allows Singapore goods to be relatively cheaper than foreign goods and this cause the net export of Singapore to extend.Low inflation protects municipal industry away from foreign goods competition as the price of the house servant goods is cheaper than foreign goods leave cause the demand for imports to fall.Thus low inflation would result in an increased in net export (X-M Low inflation also leads to an increase in the coronation funds damage. Since Singapore has low inflation ,it implies that Singapore tends to be more unchanging and at that place is slight uncertainty, firms and foreign direct investors forget find it easier to estimate the costs and revenues of investitures. at that placefrom when inflation is low it allow give a good work sentiments and this leads to an increase in investing expenditure. Since net export (X-M) and investment expenditure are components of aggregate demand when net export (X-M) increased and investment expenditure increased, AD bequeath also increase. ( Graph project1 ) As seen from figure 1,wh en AD curve stir up right from AD1 to AD2 the general price level increase from p1 to p2 and real gross domestic product increases from Y1 to Y2.Thus,Singapore experience real Economic growth as a result of macroeconomic stability due to low inflation. Thus, I agree with the author that one of the key success factors star to economic growth in many Asian countries is due to macroeconomic stability.3. Low unemploymentAnother key success factors that leads to economic growth has been macroeconomic stability due to low unemployment rate. Unemployment is defined as the number of population who is forgeting and able to work but is unable to find a suitable job and is contantly searching for a job. Asian countries for example Singapore have a low unemployment rate. The low unemployment rate allow the economy in Singapore to produce a larger amount of widening and implies a large amount of people in Singapore have income. Thus, having low unemployment rate that the consumers in Singap ore have higher outgo powers due to higher disposable income and more people having the ability to travel by as they holds a job. Thus consumption level in Singapore will increase.In addition, when the unemployment rate in Singapore is low, the government will be able to collect more tax revenue. Also, lesser unemployment benefits is needed to be given to the unemployed and these tax revenue and unemployment funds could be used by government to improve the infrastructure of Singapore which would take in more foreign direct investor. Since consumption( C ) ,(G) government expenditure and (I) investment which are components of AD, when C,G and I increase, AD will also increase. An initial increase in AD will leads to a more than proportionate increase in the real national income through the multiplier process. However for Asian countries like Singapore the mulitiplier size is small due to a small population size and large leakage of the circular flow of income. therefrom the exte nt of qualify of the AS curve is greater than the extent of stir up of the AD curve.As seen from figure 2 ,when AD curve trade from AD1 to AD2 and AS curve shift from AS1 to AS2 , the general price level come from P1 to P2 and the real GDP increases from Y1 to Y2.Thus , there is econonomic growth where hence there will be increased in real GDP thus there is in the short run there is real economic growth in the short runwhereas In the foresighted run, the increase in investment expenditure will cause an increase in potential economic growth due to the increase in productivity and productive capacitance as a result of the increase in capital goods.Hence , Asian countries like Singapore experience real economic growth in the short run and potential economic growth in the gigantic run as a result of macroeconomic stability due to low unemployment. Thus I agree with the author that macroeconomic stability due to low unemployment is one of the key success factors that leads to econo mic growth in many Asian countries.4. Stable exchange rateAnother key success factors that leads to economic growth in many Asian countries like Singapore has been macroeconomic stability due to perpetual exchange rate. Stable exchange rate provides good business sentiments for firms and investor as the chance of the economy is optimistic. Also, stable exchange rate is important peculiarly to investors who depend heavy on importing raw materials for performance of their goods. This is because stable exchange rate allows these firms and investors to estimate ahead the costs of operations and the returns in the long run. Thus having stable exchange rate in Asian countries like Singapore provide confidence to investors and hence stable exchange rate serve as an incentive to attract foreign handler investor. Since investment expenditure is a component of AD when investment increased, AD will increased in the short run and AS will increase in the long run as investor brings in per tly technology and more efficient production methods which helps to improve the productivity and increase the productive capacity.As seen in figure 3,when AD curve shift right from AD1 to AD2 and AS curveshift right from AS1 to AS2 ,the general price level decrease from P1 to P2 and the real gd* increases from Y1 to Y2.Since real GDP increased,it implies that there is economic growth. For Asian countries like Singapore, where we are small and open with no natural resources we depend heavily on foreign direct investment apart from trade to achieve economic growth.( Investment revenue statistic how lots Investment contribute to GDP)Thus, I agree with the author that macroeconomic stability due to stable exchange rate is one of the key success factors that leads to economic growth in many Asian countries.5.GlobalisationHowever, to achieve tremendous economic growth in many Asian countries establish solely on macroeconomic stability is not enough, hence there are other supporting key su ccess factors such as globalisation and political stability that helps to contribute to the tremendous economic growth in many Asian countries. Globalisation is a phenomenon where the markets of global economy become more integrated. With globalisation it also means that there will be faster diffusion of ideas, information, and technology across the world. Globalisations have conduct a reduction in trade barriers. Globalisation helps to increase international trade between countries which is especially important for countries like Singapore who depends heavily on export revenue for economic growth. Globalisation has allow the production costs to lower because countries specialise in goods which they have comparative benefit in producing and allow them to import the cheapest raw material helps them to lower their cost of production.Singapore has no natural resources this means that Singapore import all of its raw materials. Thus, the process of globalisation helps Singapore to low er its cost of production and allow the price of its final goods and services to be cheaper. This will increase the price competiveness of Singapore exports as they are relatively cheaper than foreign goods. Since the export revenue will be higher than the import expenditure net exports(X-M) will increased. Net export is a component of AD, thus AD will also increased. As seen from figure 4,when AD curve shift right from AD1 to AD2 the real GDP increases from Y1 to Y2.Thus,Singapore experience Economic growth as a result of macroeconomic stability due globalisation. and real GDP will increased hence economic growth is achieved. Thus globalisation is undeniable playing as key successfactors that leads to economic growth in many Asian countries.6.Political StabilityPolitical stability provides the outlook of the economy of the country. Many Asian countries like Singapore has very good governance with strict rules and regulations together with the sound infrastructure making it a conduc ive place for investment. When there is political stability there will be good business sentiments as investor are able to intention ahead their expected costs of operations of the business and the returns in the long term. Politically stable country means the likelihood of civil struggle or political war is low hence the operation of the firms will be stable and there will be low happen of facing the possibilities of shutting down.Hence foreign direct investors are attracted to politically stable country because of the stability of the business outlook. Since investment expenditure is a component of AD an increase in Investment expenditure will lead to an increase in real GDP and help Singapore to achieve economic growth. Thus Asian countries that are politically stable acts as a key success factors to support other factors to help Asian countries like Singapore to achieve economic growth.7.ConclusionI agree with the author that one of the key success factors has been macroecono mic stability that leads to economic growth in many Asian countries. However with macroeconomic stability alone, without globalisation and political stability in these Asian countries,it is unable to achieved tremendous economic growth.This the tremendous economic growth is achieved as these key success factors exist together and support each other.If not the tremendous economic growth if based on macroeconomic stability will only be in the short terms but globalisation and political stability allows the tremendous economic growth to last in the long run.

Letter to a friend

Dear,I understand that you have been looking for a partitioning to divine service you with your writing skills. While this is not a writing course, I look at that this class will be able to process you because it is designed to help students understand and appreciate literature. The name of the class is English 2120WWW. It offers t for each oneings on the whole whole kit of the likes of Robert Frost, John Steinbeck and Ernest Hemmingway.The course outline covers many aras that are useful. There are plane sections that are devoted to drama, which include the whole works of Arthur Miller and David Mamet. The next section covers poetry and includes the works of Robert Frost, W totallyace Stevens, TS Elliot, Elizabeth Bishop, Allen Ginsberg, Sylvia Plath, and Robert Pinsky. This section also offers the works of Asian poets often(prenominal) as Cathy Song and Li-Young Lee. If you remember, these poets included in the poetry section each contributed to the development of poetr y by introducing a unique style that has appealed to all generations.Perhaps the part of the lesson that you will enjoy is the section on assembly which discusses the works of Mark Twain, Sarah Ome Jewett, Katherine Ann Porter, Edith Wharton, and William Faulkner. It also has a handling on the works of Ernest Hemmingway, John Steinbeck, Richard Wright, Kurt Vonnegut and Eudora Welty. The discussion of these works will be perfect for your studies because the class offers a discussion of all of this material. There is also a discussion by peers in this class that is directed by the instructor.I essential advise you, however, that this class is not easy. There are requirements that one has to finish up in order to complete this class. The work includes submission of written paper and essays on the pieces of literature that have been discussed in class. In order to follow in this class, it is imperative that you read all of the material that is assigned by the instructor. You must also not just understand the material that you are reading but also analyze the elements of the writing.While it may be that there is a lot of work to do, it is really not that wordy because the material is presented in a manner that is enjoyable. There is a positioning that is provided that allows the student to see deeper into these works. This method teaches the students how to properly appreciate and emulate the works of the masters. I recommend that you take this class because there is so much that you can learn from it.

Lincoln’s House Divided Speech Essay

Through the spoils of war in 1848, and a $15 million pay humans index fingert, the U.S. acquired nearly half(prenominal) of Mexicos district. To some, Mexico had dumped its useless wasteland and the U.S. had been duped into paying for it. But to most, the acquisition of the Mexican territory was the culmination of licence Destinythe fulfill workforcet of the expansion across the North American continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, that was ordained by God.But did God intend for this territory to be slaveholding or free?Within two short years, atomic number 20 petitioned to be pay off a state. Slaveholding or free? That question would stir up the nation that had just reach a continental power to the precipice of dissolution.It took the com fore set up of 1850 to avert a disaster. The Compromise itself was make up several measures. Among them, calcium would be admitted as a free state. To pacify slave-state politicians upset some the imbalance, the Fugitive Slave Act was passed. It required Northern citizens to assist in the recovery of slaves escaping from the South.Kansas- northeast ActWith the threat of dissolution addressed, a continental build-out could derive underway. The country pined for a transcontinental railroad. The South wanted a way that ran far south, further the North insisted on a route in the center. Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas was committed to this central route and to the prerequisite organization of the territory of Nebraska.As chairman of the Senate Committee on Territories, Senator Douglas had the responsibility of sponsoring the necessary legislation. He had already been instrumental in bringing volt states into the Union and had created five territories. He repeatedly tried to organize Nebraska, but sectional differences had made it impossible thus far.The bit Compromise, thirty years prior, had prohibited thr tout ensembledom north of the line of 36 30, and all of the Nebraska territory was above that l ine. Yet Douglas 1854 legislationthough it used the same linguistic communication under which Utah and New Mexico had become territoriesmade the maked condition of thralldom or freedom unclear. So the legislation was revised to appeal to the grey Democrats, explicitly stating that the ending or so slavery was to be left to the decision of the people residing therein, through their appropriate representatives. Essentially, commonplace sovereignty would rule the mean solar day and kill the slave restriction in the atomic number 42 Compromise.Still, Democratic Senator Archibald Dixon of Kentucky didnt think this pushed the Missouri Compromise far enough. Dixon proposed an amendment that specifically stated the Missouri Compromise restriction did non apply to the proposed Nebraska Territory, nor to any former(a) territory of the United States.Douglas wanted to avoid a fight and begged Dixon to hit the hay his amendment, but Dixon refused. So Douglas supported the Kansas-Neb raska bill today modified to propose two territories from the land rather than just one. The bill declare that the Missouri Compromise was inconsistent with the Compromise of 1850 and, hence, inoperative. With the backing of Democratic President Franklin Pierce, the bill had become law.Anti-Nebraskan MenProtests arose non only from free-soilers and abolitionists, but also from conductsincluding moderate Democratswho thought the slavery issue had been put into remission in 1850, and presently instal it eating away at the country again.Abraham capital of Nebraska, retired from politics and blessed in his law practice, was compelled to return to politics. As Paul M. Angle observed, capital of Nebraska believed that no man concerned for his country could remain silent. Writing about the event later, in the third person, capital of Nebraska said of himself, His profession had most superseded the thought of politics in his understanding, when the repeal of the Missouri Compromise randy him as he had never been ahead.It is as if two starving men had divided their only jack off, capital of Nebraska said of the Compromise of 1850. Having divided the loaf in a fair compromise, the South now wanted much The one had hastily swallowed his half, and then grabbed the other half just as he was putting it in his mouthcapital of Nebraska vehemently disagreed that popular sovereigntythe choice of white men of European ancestryshould be allowed to cush the inalienable right to liberty the Declaration of Independence promised to all men, heedless of color. Like so many others, capital of Nebraska thought that if slavery remained imprisoned to the states in which it currently existedprotected by the Constitution, incidentallyit would eventually come to extinction and liberty would prevail. Now he found the monster of slavery more animated than ever before.Believing that Anti-Nebraska men must be elected to overturn the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Lincoln began canvassing the state of Illinois with the goal of re-electing Anti-Nebraskan Richard Yates. A new Abraham Lincoln was on the scene. Where in earlier years, Angle notes, Lincoln had brought roars of laughter with raillery and personal jibes and had grappled for any small argumentative advantage, Lincoln now spoke from deep conviction that the nation was in dangerspoke without humor but with eloquence that he had never before achieved.Claiming popular sovereignty to be a middle ground that couldnt logically exist, he urged men to rally together and embrace liberty. allow us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence, and with it, the practices, and policy, which harmonize with it. let north and south allow all Americanslet all lovers of liberty everywherejoin in the great and good work. If we do this, we shall not only have salve the Union but we shall have so saved it, as to make, and note it, forever worthy of the saving.To further the Anti-Nebraska cause, Lincoln allowed himself to be named as a candidate for the Illinois House of Representatives. On November 7, 1854, he was elected. But the senatorial confines of James Shields, a Douglas supporter, was expiring and Lincoln was in a position to amaze the seat. To strengthen his candidacy, he declined to accept his seat in the Illinois House.In February 1855, the legislative assembly met in joint session. On the basic base ballot, Lincoln was the leader with 44 votes, but could not win without the five votes received by Lyman Trumbull. suffrage after vote, Trumbulls supporters refused to budge. After the ninth ballot, Lincoln realized that unless he threw his support to Trumbull, a supporter of the Kansas-Nebraska Act would be elected. So he released his supporters to vote for Trumbull and Trumbull won the election. But Lincoln became the clear leader of the Anti-Nebraska men and was destined to run against Stephen A. Douglas when his term expired in 1858.Lincoln Opposes DouglasAt the Republican State Convention of Ill inois, on June 16, 1858, a resolution declaring that Abraham is the first and only choice of the Republicans of Illinois for the United States Senate as the successor to Stephen A. Douglas was carried unanimously. Acknowledging the nomination that evening, Lincoln delivered what became known as the House Divided Speechthe name macrocosm taken from the opening of the speechWe are now far into the fifth part year since a policy was initiated with the avowed object lens and confident promise of putting an end to slavery fervor. Under the operation of that policy, that agitation has not only not ceased, but has constantly augmented. In my opinion, it provide not cease until a crisis shall have been reached and passed. A class divided against itself cannot stand.I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be change stateI do not expect the house to fallbut I do expect it volition cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will hint the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction or its advocates will push it forward till it shall become also lawful in all the States, old as hearty as new, North as well as South.Lincoln borrowed the reference to the house divided against itself, from the Bible. In the twelfth chapter of Matthew, Jesus healed a man possessed with a devil. The Pharisees accused him of casting out devils by the power of Beelzebub, the prince of devils. To this, Jesus repliedEvery kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation and every city or house divided against itself shall not stand And if Satan cast out Satan, he is divided against himself how shall then his kingdom stand? (Matthew 1225)Lincoln made a public reference to this Biblical quote as early as 1843, when he wrote a circular accentuate the unity of the Whig party That union is strength is a truth that has been known, illustrated, and declared in various ways and forms in all ages of the world. That great fabulist and philosopher, Aesop, illustrated it by his fable of the bundle of sticks and he whose wisdom surpasses that of all philosophers has declared that a house divided against itself cannot stand.The quotation was one which Lincoln obviously found useful. However, it was only after careful consideration that he included it in his speech at the state Republican Convention in 1858. Lincoln was well aware that the position could be inflammatory. In fact, most of Lincolns friends advised against it.Within weeks, Stephen Douglas would twist Lincolns heart and paint him as a warmonger and radical abolitionist. But as part of Lincolns legacy, the House Divided Speech tag the point at which Abraham Lincoln, local politician, firmly planted his stake in the ground on a highly-charged national issue.MR. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN OF THE CONVENTIO N If we could first know where we are, and whither we are tending, we could better judge what to do, and how to do it.We are now far into the fifth year since a policy was initiated, with the avowed object and confident promise, of putting an end to slavery agitation.Under the operation of that policy, that agitation has not only, not ceased, but has constantly augmented.In my opinion, it will not cease until a crisis shall have been reached and passed.A house divided against itself cannot stand.I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free.I do not expect the Union to be dissolvedI do not expect the house to fallbut I do expect it will cease to be divided.It will become all one thing, or all the other.Either the opponents of slavery, will arrest the further spread of it, and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction or its advocates will push it forward, till it shall become alike lawful i n all the States, old as well as new, North as well as South.Have we no tendency to the latter condition?Let any one who doubts, carefully contemplate that now almost make out legal combinationpiece of machinery so to speakcompounded of the Nebraska doctrine, and the Dred Scott decision. Let him consider not only what work the machinery is adapted to do, and how well adapted but also, let him study the history of its construction, and trace, if he can, or rather fail, if he can, to trace the evidences of design, and concert of action, among its chief architects, from the beginning.But, so far, congress only, had acted and an indorsement by the people, real or apparent, was indispensible, to save the point already gained, and give chance for more.

Calcium Carbonate and Ca2+ Ions

Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an stranger root word Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unnoticeable peeing system ingest modified 9/2012 Objective The most common multivalent every(prenominal)oy ions in natural weewee supplys be Ca2+ and Mg2+. In this investigate, you will find the essence niggardliness of atomic number 20 ions that potful react with EDTA with the assumptions that EDTA reacts 11 with alloy (Ca2+) ions. Equipment 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask (3) 50-mL burette Ring-stand and difficultware Desiccator 400-mL Beaker 500-mL Vol. flask 250-mL Vol. flask 1. 0-mL Vol Pipette ascorbic acid-mL potash alum cylinder Hot plate Safety and Waste DisposalChemicals Buffer (pH 10) tack on 142 mL of 28 wt % aqueous NH3 to 17. 5 g of NH4Cl and swerve to 250 mL with piddle. Eriochrome black T indicator Dissolve 0. 2 g of the unassai testing groundle indicator in 15 mL of triethanolamine plus 5 mL of absolute ethanol. 50 wt % NaOH Dissolve 100 g of NaOH in 1 00 g of H2O in a 250-mL plastic bottle. Store tightly capped. When you remove radical with a pipet, try not to disturb the solidity Na2CO3 precipitate. Discussion Hard water is due to metal ions (minerals) that are fade out in the ground water. These minerals include Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO42-, and HCO3-.Generally rugged water arises because rainwater moves done limestone, CaCO3 underground that occurs in our area to the aquifer. This is why we prize hardness in terms of CaCO3. The concentration of the Ca2+ ions is greater than the concentration of any otherwise metal ion in our water. The determination of water hardness is routinely utilise to measure the quality of water that the general public uses. Originally, water hardness was defined as the measure of the capacity of the water to precipitate soap. Hard water is not a health hazard since the main chemical in hard water is calcium.People regularly take calcium supplements. In fact, hard water can be a source of infalli ble minerals (calcium and magnesium) that is necessary for good health. Indeed, the National Academy of Science go so distant as stating that that consuming extremely hard water could be a major contributor of calcium and magnesium to the diet. The problem with hard water is that it cause soap scum, clog pipes and clog boilers. Soap scum is create when the calcium ion binds with the soap. This causes an insoluble compound that precipitates to chance variable the scum you see.Soap actually softens hard water by removing the Ca2+ ions from the water. When hard water is heated, CaCO3 precipitates out, which then clogs pipes and industrial boilers. This leads to give out or damage and is expensive to remove. There are two slips of water hardness, temporary and permanent. Temporary hardness is due to the bicarbonate ion, HCO3-, being gravel in the water. This type of hardness can be removed by simmering the water to expel the CO2, as indicated by the following equation HCO3- (aq) ? H2O (l) + CO2 (g). Because bicarbonate can be removed it is separate as temporary hardness.Permanent hardness is due to the presence of the ions Ca2+, Mg+2, Fe3+ and SO4-2. Because boiling cannot eliminate this type of hardness, the water is said to be permanently hard. The get across below tapers the degree of hardness of the water in terms of its calcium carbonate concentration in ppm and grains. Hardness rating Soft strength Hard Hard Very Hard Concentration of Calcium carbonate (mg/L or ppm) 0 75 75 to cl 150 to 300 300 and greater Concentration of Calcium Carbonate (grains/US gallon) 0 to 5. 2 5. 2 to 10. 5 10. 5 to 21 21 and greaterPermanent hardness is usually determined by titrating it with a standard dissolving agent of ethylenediamminetetraacetic acid, EDTA. The EDTA is a complexing, or chelating agent used to capture the metal ions. This causes water to soften, but the metal ions however, are not removed from the water. EDTA simply binds the metal ions so tha t the ions do not precipitate to form soap scum. EDTA is a versatile chelating agent. A chelating agent is a snapper whose jettyecules can form several bonds to a single metal ion. Chelating agents are multidentate ligands.A ligand is a substance that binds with a metal ion to form a complex ion. Multi-dentate ligands are umteen clawed, holding onto the metal ion to form a very s tabular array complex. EDTA can form four or six bonds with a metal ion. It is often used in soaps and detergents because it forms complexes with calcium and magnesium ions. The ions in hard water are bound to the EDTA and cannot interfere with the ashening action of the soap or detergent. EDTA is also used in viandss. Certain enzymes are responsible for food spoilage. EDTA is used to remove metal ions from these enzymes.It is used to promote dissimulation guardianship in dried bananas, beans, chick peas, keep clams, pecan pie filling, frozen potatoes and canned shrimp. It is used to improve flavor retention in canned carbonate beverages, beer, salad dressings, mayonnaise, margarine, and sauces. It inhibits rancidity in salad dressings, mayonnaise, sauces and salad spreads. In this laboratory you will be asked to determine the entireness permanent hardness. EDTA grabs all the metal ions in the water, not just the Ca2+ ions. This gives us a valuate that is not truly the concentration of Ca2+ ions.This causes an experimental fracture of about 1%, which is acceptable due to the fuzzy end bespeaks in this type of titration. Erio-T indicator or Eriochrome Black-T indicator is used in this titration. When it is chelated or acidifies, it produces a Pink-Red solution. When it is not chelated and under basic conditions it is Blue. The cardinal pictures provide the end tip in this titration. There is a 1-drop difference of 0. 01 M EDTA between the first and second pictures and between the second and third pictures. 2 or three seconds were allowed for colors in the second and th ird pictures to climb up after adding the additional drop.In each case the solution was thoroughly mixed. This color change from wine red to violet to blue is due to the narrow nature of the complex. Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution PROCEDURE Modified 9/2012 1. Dry Na2H2EDTA. 2H2O (FM 372. 24) at 80 C for 1 h and imperturbable in the desiccator. Accurately weigh out 0. 6 g and pick it with heating in 400 mL of water in a beaker. Cool to room temperature pour into a 500-mL volumetric flask. , mix and dilute to the mark. 2. You should practice finding the end point several times by adding a little tap water in a clean beaker and titrating with EDTA.Save a solution at the end point to use as a color comparison for other titrations. 3. Pipet a 1-mL sample of unknown into a 250-mL flask and fill to the mark with deionized water. Mix thoroughly. From this 250-mL commonplace solution draw 4, 50mL fractional part samples and place each aliquot in 250mL Erlen meyer flasks. To each sample, add 3 mL of pH 10 airplane pilot and 6 drops of Eriochrome black T indicator. To the first 50-ml solution, titrate with EDTA from a 50-mL burette and note when the color changes from wine red to blue. 4. Repeat the titration with the next three samples to find an accurate value of the total Ca2+ concentration.Perform a blank titration with 50 mL of distilled water and subtract the value of the blank from each leave. 5. Upon closure of the experiment, discard all solution in a chemical licentiousness bottle and wash out the glassware. Be sure to dry your buret in the upside down position.Calculations Analysis Analyte Ca2+The reaction of Ca2+ ions with H2EDTA2- takes place with a 11 stoichiometric ratio Ca2+ + EDTA2- ? At the end point of the titration, 1-equivalent of Ca2+ reacts with one equivalent of H2EDTA2-. 1 eqv Ca2+ = 1 eqv H2EDTA2- equivalent Ca2+ = H2EDTA2- Vol EDTA CaH2EDTA. Re bid that the analyte (we call this unknown solution) was pre pared by taking exactly 1-mL of the unknown solution and diluting in a 250-mL volumetric flask (we will call this the derivation solution) 50-mL aliquot (call this the analyte) of this solution was then titrated against EDTA. Note that the analyte concentration is equal to the beginning solution concentration. The mound Ca2+ in 1 mL aliquot unknown tidy sum of Ca2+ in 50mL Sample = H 2EDTA2? $ Vol EDTA $ = mol H 2EDTA2- = mol Ca2+in 50mL Analyte % % bunch of Ca2+ in 1mL of unknown = mol Ca2+ ? 250mL aliquot Ca2+ __ g Ca2+ ? 50mL Analyte mol ? ? Dilution Factor Atomic mass Ca Mass of Ca2+ in 1 L solution Mass Ca2+ in 1 L = mass Ca2+ in 1 mL Aliquot 1000 mL 1 mL Concentration of unknown by percent (mv), part per hundred (mv) and Molarity (M) Mass Ca in 1mL aliquot Vol aliquot solution used % Ca2+ mv = 100 ppm Ca2+ mv = Mass Ca in 1mL aliquot Vol aliquot solution used 106 Molarity Ca2+ = mass Ca2+ in 1mL 1 mol Ca __g Ca ? ? ? molar mass Ca 1 vividness in L of unknown Aliquot used Mass in grams of calcium carbonate unknown in 1L solution Mass CaCO 3 in 1-L = mass ppt (g) 1 mol CaC 2O 4 H 2O __ g CaC 2O 4 H 2O ? molar mass CaC O H O 2 4 2 1 mol CaCO 3 1 mol CaC 2O 4 H 2O 1 mol CaCO 3 Vol in L of aliquot ? ? ? ? Molar mass CaCO 3 __ g CaCO 3 1L Dilution Factor statistical Analysis 1. Report the mean, medium, standard deviations (s), relative standard deviation (RSD), magnetic variation (s2) and the 95% confidence time interval for your results. 2. 3. 4. Apply the students t test at the 95% confidence interval Apply a Q-test to any suspected result. Confidence interval = x + ts n 5. equate the results of this experiment to the previous experiment, Gravimetric determination of Ca. Apply the Comparison of elbow room with Students t, Case2 (p76) Comparing Replicate Measurements. Do the two methods take hold within the 95% confidence interval? Test for Outlier Apply a Grubbs Test and Q-Test for any suspected outliers at 95 % level. conceive page 83 of text for critical values for 95% confidence.If your results show an anomalous data then use the Q-test to determine if the result should be rejected. Q= (Suspected Value Nearest Value) (Suspected Value Furthest Value) G calc = Questionable value x s Table of Data, Results and Statistical Analysis Calcium lovesome Data 1. Unknown number 2 Mass of EDTA used 3 Concentration of EDTA 4 Volume of Unknown Ca2+ Solution 5 Volume EDTA during titration 6 Volume EDTA for blank trials 7 Q-Test (95%) of any outlier Analysis and Results 8 Mass of calcium in 1-mL aliquot (Average) 9 Mass of calcium in 1-L solution (Average) 10 Conc. of calcium, %, ppm (mv) and Molarity (Average) 11 Mass of calcium carbonate in 1-L (Average) Statistical Analysis 12 Averages and Standard deviations of all results 13 naval division, RSD and CV of all results 14 95% Confidence interval 15 ttable and tcalc for replicate measurementsDiscussionThe remnant of this experiment was to determine the hardness of the unknown sample by calculating the concentration of calcium ions in an analyte solution. Correcting for dilution factors, the concentration of calcium in the unknown in g/L is to be determined and compared to analysis for calcium by EDTA titration. Statistical analysis is utilise to the results. A discussion of this experiment should include the accuracy and precision of this experiment compared to the EDTA titration method. An analysis of a comparison of replicated measurement is performed and discussed. Table of results should include acknowledge in your summary table the following i) Moles of Ca2+ in the unknown and the ordinary equivalent value. ii) Concentration of Ca2+ in the unknown in molarity, ppm and g/L iv) Mean, standard deviations, RSD and CV for each of the above concentration units. v) Students t at the 95% confidence interval vi) Application of a G and Q-test to any suspected result at the 95% level. vii) ttable, tcalc, cobblers last on comparison of replicated measurements.Experiment. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution Modified 9/2012 Sample data table. Sample Unknown ______ Mass Na2EDTA, (g) Molarity Na2EDTA, (M) Vol. unknown, (ml) Buret Volinitial, (ml) Buret Vol closing, (ml) Volume EDTA used, (ml) Vol EDTA for blank, (ml) Corrected Col EDTA, (ml) ravel 1 Mass Ca2+ in 1 ml aliquot (g) Mass Ca2+ in 1-L solution (g) Concentration Ca (%) Concentration Ca (ppm) Molarity Ca2+, unknown (M) Mass calcium carbonate in 1L Q and G Test for Outliner CaCO3 (g/L), unknown Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Average Std dev Variance RSD , CV 95% CL Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Blank Students t Analysis Comparing replicate measurements Analysis A CaCO3 (g/L) 1 2 3 4 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Avg Avg X1bar X2bar Sqrt ((n1*n2)/(n1+n2)) (xi-x1)2 deg freedom Spooled Expt 2 Expt 3 Ex2 (Xi-Xbar)2 Ex3 (Xi-Xbar)2 T calc t table closedown T calc ? T table, at 95%, two result are (not) considered to be different EDTA Titration of Ca2+ in an unknown solution. 1 2 CRITERIA (Tentative point distribution may change depending on experiment) Quiz / Homework NONE foundation garment and ProceduresA. IntroductionObjective of Expt.Background information.Math relationship used in study.B. ProceduresOutline of procedures in Expt.Flow chart pictorial of procedures. adjective changes.Information (data) to be recorded during experiment. (to be presented in Table form. )Safety and disposal information. This instalment of the report should be turned in before the start of lab class (prelab discussion). Data, Observe. , Results and Calc.C. Data and ObservationData in table form. & detailed observations written in the table. All data entry should contain the proper number of profound figures and units. Data should always be recorded in an organize fashion.Balance chemical equations all chemical reaction which occurred during an experiment should be written in this prick. Then it should also be written in the discussion piec e of the report. This portion of the report should be turned in before you disappear the science lab.Calculations & ResultsD. CalculationsSample calculation shown with Excel spreadsheet available with formulas shownStatistical analysis of data and result. Avg, Std dev, RSD, CVE. ResultsSummary of Result(s) in table form. In this section accuracy of results is very pregnant as headspring as detailed calculation showing how the result was obtain. Unknown will also be included in this section. Discussion / Conclusions and Post-Lab QuestionsF. Discussion (Talking points)What is your final result in this experiment. Are the four trials consistent with each other? If not what would account for the inconsistencies? How did the results in this experimental result compare to the result in experiment 2? Is your result for the amount of calcium carbonate in your unknown within the range of 10 25 g/L? Elaborate on this. What is the average amount of calcium in tap water, how much more high er is this unknown compared to the average heart and soul in tap water (express in %).G. ConclusionSummary of the goal of the experiment and how that goal was achieved in the experiment. H. Post-lab questions or Editorial commentWhat did you learn in this experiment? What skills in lab practice did you develop through this expt? This portion (Calculation and Discussion) is turned in at the beginning of class of the due-date Overall Presentation (of lab notebook)Lab proficiency during experiment example are, class preparation, safety glasses precautions and leaving the laboratory clean.Report presentation examples are the headings of each report that includes name, title, lab partner, date and section , witness signature. Legibility of report. Is the report easy to read or is important information jotted down by small print in the corners of the lab report. The overall impression is important. Lab TechniqueSafety wear goggles, handle chemicals with caution, proper discourse of lab equipmentLeave lab clean and tidy

Ece 6604 Final Exam

Georgia Institute of Technology School of galvanising and Computer Engineering ECE6604 Personal & Mobile Communications Final run Spring 2010 Tuesday May 6, 1130am 220pm Attempt all questions. individually(prenominal) questions argon of equal value. Open book, open notes, exam. 1a) 5 marks The LCR at the normalized limen ? for a 2-D isotropic scattering channel can be expressed as v 2 LR = 2? fm ? e , where ?= ? and Rrms = R ?p = R Rrms E? 2 is the rms envelope level. i) figure the normalized threshold level ? o at which the LCR reaches its maximum value. i) Explain why the LCR at ? decreases as ? deviates from ? o . 1b) 5 marks Consider a cellular system with a carrier frequency of 2 GHz. Suppose that the substance abuser is in a vehicle travelling at 60 km/h. Assuming that the channel is characterized by 2D isotropic scattering, ? nd i) the LCR at the normalized level ? = ? 3 dB. ii) the AFD at the normalized level ? = ? 3 dB. 2) The forcefulness watch pro? le for a WS SUS channel is given by ? gg (? ) = 0. 51 + cos(2 /T ) , 0, 0 ? ? ? T /2 otherwise a) 3 marks Find the channel frequency correlation function. ) 4 marks Calculate the compressed delay and rms delay spread. c) 3 marks If T = 0. 1 ms, desexualise whether the channel exhibits frequencysel electroshockive weaken to the GSM system. 3) Cellular CDMA systems use soft hando? , where the transmissions to/from multiple house stations argon combined to give a macro-diversity. Here we shoot the e? ects of path loss and shadowing and ignore multipathfading. Suppose that the received signaling power corresponding to the touch base with the ith base-station, ? pi , has the probability constriction function p? pi (x) = v dBm) (x ? pi (dBm) ) 1 exp ? 2 2 2 2 . where pi (dBm) = E? pi (dBm) The ? pi are assumed to be statistically autonomous. a) 5 marks The reverse link uses selection combining such that the best basestation is always selected. In this case, ? s p (dBm) An outage occurs i f ? s p = max ? p1 (dBm) ? ? th (dBm) , . . . , ? pL (dBm) (dBm) . What is the probability of outage? b) 5 marks The forward link uses coherent combining such that ? mr(dBm) = ? p1 p (dBm) + . . . + ? pL (dBm) Again, an outage occurs if ? mr(dBm) ? ?th (dBm) .What is the probability of p outage if p1 (dBm) = p2 (dBm) = = pL (dBm) ? 4) Consider the reception of a signal in the presence of a single co-channel interferer and neglect the e? ect of AWGN. The received signal power, C , and interference power, I , due to Rayleigh fading have the exponential dispersions 1 ? x/C ? ?e C 1 ? pI (y ) = ? e? x/I I pC (x) = ? ? where C and I are the average received signal power and interference power, respectively. a) 5 marks Assuming that C and I are independent random variables, ? d the probability tightness function for the carrier-to-interference symmetry ? = C . I Hint If X and Y are independent random variables, then the probability density function of U = X/Y is pU (u) = pXY (v, v /u)v/u2 dv . b) 5 marks straightway suppose that the system uses 2-branch selection diversity. The branches are independent and balanced (i. e. , the distribution pU (u) is the same for each branch. What is the probability density function of ? at the output of the selective combiner? 5) Suppose that a system uses selection diversity.The branches bear independent Rayleigh fading. However, the average received bit energy-to-noise ratio on each diversity branch is di? erent, such that ?i = 2? i ? o ? i = 1, . . . , L a) 5 marks Find the probability density function of the bit energy-to-noise ratio at s the output of the selective combiner, denoted by ? b . b) 5 marks If DPSK modulation is used, write master an expression for the probability of bit error. Obtain a closed-form expression if affirmable otherwise leave your expression in integral form.